Capítulo 1 ICTWSS

The following variables are from the Institutional Characteristics of Trade Unions, Wage Setting, State Intervention and Social Pacts (ICTWSS) data base that contains information of 56 countries between 1960 and 2019. It provides information about collective bargaining, the different regulations and characteristics about the unions that every country has. The following table is divided by three categories in which we identified each variable: Economics Relationships and Employments, Pacts and Agreements and Political and Social Association.

Variable	Concept	Definition	Values	Class	Temporal coverage	Regional coverage
Economics Relationships and Employments
nmw _ictwss	National Minimum Wage	Prescence of National Minimum Wage	2 = Statutory national (cross-sectoral or inter-occupational) minimum wageexists. 1 = Statutory minimum wage in some sectors (occupations, regions/states) only; 0 = No statutory minimum wage.	factor	1960-2019	56 countries
nmws _ictwss	Minimum Wage Setting	Minium Wage Setting levels.	0 = No statutory minimum wage, no sectoral or national agreements; 1 = Minimum wages are set by (sectoral) collective agreement or tripartite wage boards in (some) sectors; 2 = Minimum wages are set by national (cross-sectoral or inter-occupational) agreement (“autonomous agreement”) between unions and employers; 3 = National minimum wage is set by agreement (as in 1 or 2) but extended and made binding by law or Ministerial decree; 4 = National minimum wage is set through tripartite negotiations; 5 =National minimum wage is set by government after (non-binding) tripartite consultations; 6 =Minimum wage set by judges or expert committees, as in award-system; 7 = Minimum wage is set by government, bound by a fixed rule (index-based minimum wage); 8 = Minimum wage is set by government based on a fixed rule (index-based minimum wage) or target (growth, employment, poverty), but government can (and sometimes does) take a discretionary decision; 9=Minimum wage is set by government, without a fixed rule	factor	1960-2019	56 countries
wsee _ictwss	Wage and Salary Earners in Employment	Wage and Salary Earners in Employment. Employed wage and salary workers, source (unless stated otherwise): OECD, Labour Force Statistics (Eurostat or ILOSTAT).	(0-Inf)	numeric	1960-2019	56 countries
wsee_s _ictwss	Wage and Salary Earners in Employment (survey data)	Wage and Salary Earners in Employment, survey data. Employed wage and salary workers, source (data derived from household or labour force surveys)	(0-Inf)	numeric	1960-2019	56 countries
Pacts and Agreements
coord _ictwss	Coordination of wage-setting	Degree of coordination based on a set of expectations about which institutional features of wage setting arrangements are likely to generate more or less coordinationon (Kenworthy(2001a)) For more information: Kenworthy, 2001a, 2001b.	5 =Binding norms regarding maximum or minimum wage rates or wage increases. 4 =Non-binding norms and/or guidelines (recommendations on maximum or minimum wage rates or wage increases). 3 = Procedural negotiation guidelines(recommendations on, for instance, wage demand formula relating to productivity or inflation). 2 = Some coordination of wage setting, based on pattern setting by major companies, sectors, government wage policies in the public sector, judicial awards, or minimum wage policies. 1 = Fragmented wage bargaining, confined largely to individual firms or plants, no coordination	factor	1960-2019	56 countries
type _ictwss	Type of coordination of wage setting	The variable ‘Type’ stresses the modality or mechanism through which coordination of wage bargaining behaviour is produced, i.e. it is based on behavioural patterns or activities of themajor players (unions, employers, governments) involved in wage setting,“regardless of whether these activities were successful in terms of coordination effects” (Traxler, Blaschke and Kittel; 2001:148).	6= Government-imposed bargaining (incl. statutory controls in lieu of bargaining) 5= Government-sponsored bargaining (this includes pacts) 4= Inter-associational by peak associations 3= Intra-associational (“informal centralisation”) 2= Pattern bargaining 1= Government sets signals (public sector wages, minimum wage). 0= No specific mechanism identified	factor	1960-2019	56 countries
govint _ictwss	Government intervention in wage bargaining	Government intervention in wage bargaining based on on Hassel, 2005, p. 75, who re-organised the 15-points scale of Golden, Lange and Walllerstein(2006), into a five-point scale, and Visser (2019), who made some changes.	5 = the government imposes private sector wage settlements, places a ceiling on bargaining outcomes or suspends bargaining; 4 = the government participates directly in wage bargaining (tripartite bargaining, as in social pacts); 3 = the government influences wage bargaining outcomes indirectly through price-ceilings, indexation, tax measures, minimum wages, and/or pattern setting through public sector wages; 2 = the government influences wage bargaining by providing an institutional framework of consultation and information exchange, by conditional agreement to extend private sector agreements, and/or by providing a conflict resolution mechanism which links the settlement of disputes across the economy and/or allows the intervention of state arbitrators or Parliament; 1 = none of the above.	factor	1960-2019	56 countries
peace _ictwss	Presence of peace clauses in sectoral and/or cross-sectoral collective agreement	Constructed based on the following question: Do collective agreements imply a peace obligation and/or typically include a peace clause?	2 =strikes may not be called over the terms of the collective agreement while the agreement is in force (which implies a peace clause)1= there is no (implicit or explicit) legal obligation, but in practice most (private sector) collective agreements contain a peace clause0=no peace obligation or peace clause	factor	1960-2019	56 countries
cor _ictwss	Conflicts of Rights	Constructed based on the following question: Do collective agreements typically include a mediation or arbitrationprocedure for handling grievances?	2 =yes, obligatory1 =yes, voluntarily0 =no or very rare.	factor	1960-2019	56 countries
coi _ictwss	Conflicts of Interest	Constructed based on the following question: Are arbitration or mediation procedures used in case of conflicts of interest (over new agreements or renewal and change of existing or expired collective agreements)?	2 =yes, obligatory1 =yes, voluntarily and frequently0 =no or very rar	factor	1960-2019	56 countries
level _ictwss	Predominant level of wage bargaining	The predominant level at which wage bargaining takes place (in terms of coverage of employees).	5 =bargaining predominantly takes place at central or cross-industry level negotiated at lower levels; 4 = intermediate or alternating between central and industry bargaining; 3 =bargaining predominantly takes place at the sector or industry level; 2 =intermediate or alternating between sector and company bargaining; 1 =bargaining predominantly takes place at the local or company level	factor	1960-2019	56 countries
combi _ictwss	Combination of levels of wage bargaining	The combination of levels at which collective bargaining over wages takes place	7 =cross-sectoral (entire economy or private sector, with centrally determined binding norms or ceilings to be respected by all further agreements; 6 =cross-sectoral (entire economy or private sector) and sectoral, with sectoral agreements that specify, or deviate from, central agreements, guidelines or targets; 5 =cross-sectoral (entire economy or private sector), sectoral and company, with company agreements that specify/deviate from sector agreements, and sector agreements that specify/deviate from central agreements; 4 =cross-sectoral (entire economy or private sector) and company, with company agreements that specify/deviate from central agreements; 3 =sectoral (separate branches of the economy), with sectorally determined binding norms or ceilings to be respected by all further agreements; 2 =sectoral (separate branches of the economy) and company, with company agreements that specify, or deviate from, sectoral agreements, guidelines or targets; 1 =enterprise (company, or units thereof)	factor	1960-2019	56 countries
bargcent _ictwss	Centralisation of wage bargaining	The variable rAEB measures the incidence of additional enterprise bargaining, weighted by it being under control, or not, of the same union(s) that negotiate(s) the ‘higher order’ agreements (Art). The space left to additional bargaining is defined by the ‘hierarchical ordering’ of agreements (Fav), and the tightness of wage norms in central and sectoral agreements (WSSA). The variables (OCG) and (OCT) measure the incidence of general and temporary opening clauses allowing bargainers at company level to negotiate outcomes that	(1-5) = [Level - ((rAEB*Art)+FAV+WSSA+OCG+OCT)/10].	numeric	1960-2019	56 countries
raeb _ictwss	Reach/incidence of additional enterprise bargaining	Defined as the proportion of firms and workers simultaneously covered by both industry (or cross-industry) and enterprise agreements (not to be confused with single employer bargaining, which is the subject of a later variable, SEB).	3 = additional enterprise bargaining on wages is common (more than half of employees covered are affected); 2 = additional enterprise bargaining on wages occurs only in large firms (between 10 and 50 percent of employees are affected); 1 = additional enterprise bargaining on wages is rare even in large firms (less than 10 percent of employees are affected); 0 = no additional enterprise-level bargaining on wages (including cases where it is forbidden)	factor	1960-2019	56 countries
art _ictwss	Articulation of enterprise bargaining	Articulation is defined as role differentiation and mutual dependence of negotiators at different bargaining levels. A fully articulated system is one in which “the actions of the centre are frequently predicated on securing the consent of lower levels, and the autonomous action of lower levels is bounded by rules of delegation and scope for discretion ultimately controlled by successively higher levels (Crouch 1993:54-5)	3 = articulated: additional enterprise bargaining on wages is recognized and takes place under control of the ‘outside’ union; 2 = partially articulated: additional enterprise bargaining on wages takes place under control of the (non-union) works council; the signatory or signatories of sector and company agreements are bound by different rules and control of the ‘outside’ union is partial 1 =disarticulated bargaining; additional enterprise bargaining on wages when it happens is, formally or informally, also conducted by non-union bodies and not answerable to or under control of the ‘outside’ union.	factor	1960-2019	56 countries
dr _ictwss	Possible to derogate from terms established by law (and offer less favourable co	Defined as the possibility to deviate from statutory norms by means of collective agreement and set different and in some cases less favourable standards than those specified in the law on non-wage issues, especially on maximum or minimum hours and employment protection.	1= it is possible to derogate from terms established by law (and offer less favourable conditions) by means of collective agreement 0=it is not possible to derogate from the law	factor	1960-2019	56 countries
fav _ictwss	Favourability principle between agreement-levels	Favourability defines the hierarchical relationship of agreements in a multi-level setting and guarantees that lower-level agreements can only deviate from higher-level agreements in ways thatare favourable for workers.	3 = Favourability is inversed, terms in lower level agreements take precedence; 2= Hierarchy between levels is undefined and a matter for the negotiating parties (not fixed inlaw); 1= Lower-level agreements must by law offer more favourable terms, but derogationis possible under defined conditions; 0=Hierarchy between agreement-levels is strictly appliedand defined in law: lower-level agreements can only offer more favourable terms	factor	1960-2019	56 countries
wssa _ictwss	Wage setting in sectoral agreements	Sectoral or national agreements differ in how they regulate wages. These different types imply different levels of decentralisation, with standard agreements the least decentralised and figureless agreements the most. Code 2 is equivalent with default and figureless agreements in the classificationof Ibsen and Keune; code 1 with minimum and corridor agreements. In the case of mixed agreements, the coding follows the rules applying to wages. In general, codes apply to the practice in manufacturing industries. For more information: Ibsen and Keune (2018)	2= sectoral agreements set the framework or define the default for enterprise bargaining; 1= sectoral agreements define the minimum wage level (and minimum rate changes); 0= sectoral agreements define the minimum and actual levels (and rate changes) of wages	factor	1960-2019	56 countries
ocg _ictwss	General Opening clauses in collective agreement	Opening clauses in sectoral collective agreements	2= Sectoral agreements contain opening clauses, allowing the renegotiation of contractual wages at enterprise level; 1 = Sectoral agreements contain opening clauses, allowing the renegotiation of contractual non-wage issues (working time, schedules, etc) at enterprise level: 0= Agreements contain no opening clauses	factor	1960-2019	56 countries
oct _ictwss	Crisis-related, temporary opening clauses in collective agreement	Crisis-related, temporary opening clauses in collective agreement	1 = Agreements (at any level) contain crisis-related opening clauses, defined as temporary changes, renegotiation or suspension of contractual provisions, under defined hardship conditions; 0 = Agreements contain no opening clauses	factor	1960-2019	56 countries
index _ictwss	General price indexation or cost-of-living clauses in agreements	General price indexation or cost-of-living clauses in agreements	1= (Most or many) collective agreements contain (sem-) automatic index or cost-of-living escalator clauses, linking wages to prices. 0= use of index clauses is rare or forbidden	factor	1960-2019	56 countries
ext _ictwss	Mandatory extension of collective agreements to non- organised employers	Mandatory extension of collective agreements to non-organised employers. Extension is a legal act in which (clauses in) a collective agreement negotiated between one or more unions and one or more employers’ associations is (are) declared binding on firms that are not member of the contracting parties(Hayter and Visser 2018). Extension as defined here does not include employers who, by custom and practice, orient their pay policies on the collective agreement of organised firms.	3 =extension is virtually automatic and more or less general (including enlargement) 2 =extension is used in many industries, but there are thresholds and Ministers can (and sometimes do) decide not to extend (clauses in) collective agreements 1 = extension is rather exceptional, used in some industries only, because of absence of sector agreements, very high thresholds(supermajorities of 60_or more, public policy criteria, etc.), and/or veto powers of employers 0 =there are neither legal provisions for mandatory extension, nor is there a functional equivalent.	factor	1960-2019	56 countries
length _ictwss	Average length of (wage clauses in) collective agreements, in months	Length or duration of collective (wage) agreements	(1-8) average length of (wage clauses in) collective agreements, in months	numeric	1960-2019	56 countries
pactneg _ictwss	A social pact is proposed by government, unions or employers, and negotiations d	A social pact is (publicly) being proposed by the government, the unions or the employers, and negotiations do take place in specified year	0 = no 1 = yes 2 = two pacts in same year 3 =three pacts in same year (…)	factor	1960-2019	56 countries
pactsign _ictwss	A social pact between government, unions and/or employers is signed in specified	A (tripartite) social pact between the government, the unions and the employers, or between the government and the unions, is signed in specified year. For more information: Avdagic, Rhodes and Visser, (2011).	0 = no 1 = yes 2 = two pacts in same year 3 =three pacts in same year (…)	factor	1960-2019	56 countries
agrsign _ictwss	Number of agreements between central organisations of trade unions and employers	A (nation-wide) agreement between the central organisations of the trade unions and the employersis reached and signed in specified year	0 = no 1 = yes2 = twoagreements in same year3 =three agreements in same year	factor	1960-2019	56 countries
aut_w _ictwss	The agreement is autonomously negotiated and implemented by unions and employers	The (central) agreement is autonomously negotiated and implemented by the unions and the employers’ organisations, and includes a settlement on wages and/or the procedures for wage negotiations and dispute settlement	0 = no 1 = yes2 = two agreements in same year3 =three agreements in same year	factor	1960-2019	56 countries
aut_nw _ictwss	The agreement is autonomously negotiated and implemented by unions and employers	The (central) agreement is autonomously negotiated and implemented by the unions and the employers’ organisations, and does only regard non-wage issues	1 = no 1 = yes2 = two agreements in same year3 =three agreements in same year	factor	1960-2019	56 countries
sponsor_w _ictwss	Number of agreements negotiated and implemented by unions and employers organisa	The (central) agreement is negotiated and implemented by the unions and the employers’ organisations and includes a settlement on wages	2 = no 1 = yes2 = two agreements in same year3 =three agreements in same year	factor	1960-2019	56 countries
sponsor_nw _ictwss	Number of agreements autonomously negotiated and implemented by unions and emplo	The (central) agreement is autonomously negotiated and implemented by the unions and the employers’ organisations, and includes a settlement on wage	3 = no 1 = yes2 = two agreements in same year3 =three agreements in same year	factor	1960-2019	56 countries
all _ictwss	Number of pacts and agreements signed in a given year (Sum of Pactsign + Agrsig	All pact and (central) agreements signed in a given year	Sum of Pactsign + Agrsign	numeric	1960-2019	56 countries
pactstruct _ictwss	Pact or agreement is negotiated by all or some of the (possible) actors	Pact or agreement is negotiated by all or some of the (possible) actors. Note: On a strict definition of pacts as tripartite agreements, only 1-3, possibly 1-4 constitute social pacts, whereas 5-6, whatever their importance, do not	0 = No pact or agreement; 1 = Pact is negotiated by government, all (mainstream) union confederations and employers peak associations; 2 = Pact is negotiated without major (mainstream) union(s); 3 = Pact is negotiated without major (mainstream) employers association(s); 4 = Pact is negotiated between unions and employers, but with heavy involvement of the government in negotiations (”shadow of hierarchy”, threats, side-payments); 5 =Agreement is negotiated between unions and employers, but implemented through legislation (or prepared for legislation); 6 =Agreement is negotiated between unions and employers and implemented without government involvement or legislation (“autonomous agreement”)	factor	1960-2019	56 countries
pactscope _ictwss	Scope of social pact	Scope of social pact	0 = No pact; 1 = Narrow pacts, dealing with one issue and not extending into lower-level (firm or public administration) decision making; 2 = broad pacts, dealing with several issues; 3 =pact is declaratory or symbolic e.g. declares that henceforth concertation shall apply, etc.)	factor	1960-2019	56 countries
pacttype _ictwss	Type of social pact	Type of social pact	0 = No pact; 1 = Tax-based incomes policy; 2 = Regulatory or reform pact; 3 = Neither category, unknown or symbolic	factor	1960-2019	56 countries
wage _ictwss	Pact or agreement is about wage issues	Pact or agreement is about wage issues	0 = No 1 = Yes	factor	1960-2019	56 countries
non_wage _ictwss	pact or agreement is about non-wage issues	Pact or agreement is about non-wage issues	0 = No 1 = Yes	factor	1960-2019	56 countries
pactapplies _ictwss	Wage clause in pact applies in specified year (if pact >one year, or when negoti	Wage clause in pact applies in specified year (if pact coversmore than one year, or when pacts negotiated in year t are valid in year t+1)	0 = No 1 = Yes	factor	1960-2019	56 countries
agrapplies _ictwss	Wage clause in central agreement applies in specified year (if agreement covers	Wage clause in central agreement applies in specified year (if agreement coversmore than one year, or will be implemented in next year)	0 = No 1 = Yes	factor	1960-2019	56 countries
wage_proc _ictwss	Pact or agreement is about procedure for wage setting	Pact or agreement is about procedure for wage setting: articulation of levels, conflict procedures, etc.	0 = No 1 = Yes	factor	1960-2019	56 countries
wage_max _ictwss	Pact or agreement contains a norm or ceiling regarding maximum wage rise	Pact or agreement contains a norm or ceiling regarding maximum wage rise	0 = No 1 = Yes	factor	1960-2019	56 countries
tax_budget _ictwss	Pact or agreement contains, and/or is predicated on, concessions regarding taxat	Pact or agreement contains, and/or is predicated on, concessions (or promises) regarding taxation and/or budgetary decisions	0 = No 1 = Yes	factor	1960-2019	56 countries
wrk_hrs _ictwss	Pact or agreement contains, and/or is predicated on, concessions regarding worki	Pact or agreement contains, and/or is predicated on, concessions (or promises) regarding working hours	0 = No 1 = Yes	factor	1960-2019	56 countries
empl_pol _ictwss	Pact or agreement contains or is predicated on concessions regarding employment	Pact or agreement contains, and/or is predicated on, concessions (or promises) regarding employment policies (job creation, subsidies, etc.)	0 = No 1 = Yes	factor	1960-2019	56 countries
empl_leg _ictwss	Pact or agreement contains, or is predicated on, concessions regarding employmen	Pact or agreement contains, and/or is predicated on, concessions (or promises) regarding employment protection legislation (labour law)	0 = No 1 = Yes	factor	1960-2019	56 countries
soc_sec _ictwss	Pact or agreement contains, and/or is predicated on, concessions regarding socia	Pact or agreement contains, and/or is predicated on, concessions (or promises) regarding social security (unemployment, sickness, disability, family or children allowances)	0 = No 1 = Yes	factor	1960-2019	56 countries
pensions _ictwss	Pact or agreement contains, and/or is predicated on, concessions regarding (old	Pact or agreement contains, and/or is predicated on, concessions (or promises) regarding (old age, retirement) pensions	0 = No 1 = Yes	factor	1960-2019	56 countries
training _ictwss	Pact or agreement contains, and/or is predicated on, concessions regarding vocat	Pact or agreement contains, and/or is predicated on, concessions (or promises) regarding vocational training	0 = No 1 = Yes	factor	1960-2019	56 countries
union_rights _ictwss	Pact or agreement contains, or is predicated, concessions regarding union rights	Pact or agreement contains, and/or is predicated on, concessions (or promises) regarding union representation,recognition rights, including employee representation, works councils, bargaining rights, etc.	0 = No 1 = Yes	factor	1960-2019	56 countries
concert _ictwss	Pact or agreement sets up or changes nation-wide councils for concertation.	Pact or agreement sets up or changes nation-wide councils for concertation	0 = No 1 = Yes	factor	1960-2019	56 countries
wcb_new _ictwss	Workers covered by (new) collective agreements negotiated in the particular year	Workers covered by (new) collective agreements negotiated in the particular year. Number of employees covered by collective agreements or statutory regulation.	(1-8)	numeric	1960-2019	56 countries
wcb _ictwss	Workers covered by (old and new) collective agreements	Workers covered by (old and new) collective agreements, including agreements negotiated in earlier years but still valid. Number of employees covered by collective agreements	(1-8)	numeric	1960-2019	56 countries
wstat _ictwss	Workers covered by statutory regulation and excluded from collective bargaining	Workers covered by statutory regulation and excluded from collective bargaining. Number of employees covered by statutory regulation and excluded from collective bargaining	(1-8)	numeric	1960-2019	56 countries
cfwage _ictwss	Confederation negotiates binding national wage agreements	Confederation negotiates binding national (cross-sector) wage agreements (bipartite or tripartite)	1 = Yes (if AUT-W or SPONSOR-W or WAGE <U+2260> 0); 0 = No (if AUT-W or SPONSOR-W or WAGE = 0)	factor	1960-2019	56 countries
cfnonwage _ictwss	Confederation negotiates binding national non-wage agreements	Confederation negotiates binding national (cross-sectoral) non-wage agreements (bipartite or tri partite)	1 = Yes (if AUT-NW or SPONSOR-NW or NONWAGE <U+2260> 0); 0 = No (if AUT-NW or SPONSOR-NW or NONWAGE = 0)	factor	1960-2019	56 countries
cfcoord _ictwss	Confederation coordinates wage bargaining of affiliates	Confederation coordinates wage bargaining of affiliates (across sectors)	0 = No, 1 = Yes	factor	1960-2019	56 countries
cfrep_ictwss	Main confederation(s) represent affiliates politically and is routinely involved	Confederation represents affiliates in national economic and social council (or similar bodies)	0 = No, 1 = Yes	factor	1960-2019	56 countries
cfconsult _ictwss	Confederation is consulted by the government on social and economic policy	Confederation is routinely consulted by the government on social and economic policy issues	0 = No, 1 = Yes	factor	1960-2019	56 countries
unwage _ictwss	Union negotiates national (or regional) sectoral collective agreements	Union negotiates national (or regional) sectoral collective agreements (wage and non-wage terms)	0 = No, 1 = Yes	factor	1960-2019	56 countries
unnonwage _ictwss	Union negotiates national (or regional) sectoral collective agreements	Union negotiates national (or regional) sectoral collective agreements (only non-wage terms)	0 = No, 1 = Yes	factor	1960-2019	56 countries
Political and Social Association
ra_m _ictwss	Right of Association, market sector	Right of association in the market sector	3 = yes; 2= yes, with minor restrictions (e.g. recognition procedures, workplace elections, thresholds); 1= yes, with major restrictions (e.g. monopoly union, prior authorization, major groups excluded)0 = no	factor	1960-2019	56 countries
ra_g _ictwss	Right of Association, government sector	Right of association in the government sector	3 = yes; 2= yes, with minor restrictions (e.g., recognition procedures, thresholds, only military, judiciary or police excluded, as per ILO convention); 1= yes, with major restrictions (e.g., monopoly union, government authorization, major groups excluded0 = no	factor	1960-2019	56 countries
rcb_m _ictwss	Right of Collective bargaining, market sector	Right of Collective bargaining in the market sector	3 = yes2= yes, with minor restrictions (e.g.registration, thresholds)1= yes, with major restrictions (e.g. monopoly union, government authorization, limitations on content, major groups excluded)0 = no	factor	1960-2019	56 countries
rcb_g _ictwss	Right of Collective bargaining, government sector	Right of Collective bargaining in the government sector	3 = yes2= yes, with minor restrictions (e.g. registration, thresholds, only military, judiciary or police excluded –as per ILO convention)1= yes, with major restrictions (e.g. monopoly union, government authorization, limitations on content, major groups excluded)0 = no	factor	1960-2019	56 countries
rs_m _ictwss	Right to Strike, market sector	Right to Strike in the market sector	3 = yes2= yes, with minor restrictions (e.g. recognized union, balloting, proportionality, respect of peace obligation)1= yes, with major restrictions (e.g. monopoly union, compulsory arbitration or conciliation, restrictions on issues or content, major groups excluded)0 = no	factor	1960-2019	56 countries
rs_g _ictwss	Right to Strike, government sector	Right to Strike in the government sector	3 = yes2 = yes, with minor restrictions (e.g. recognized union, balloting, proportionality, respect of peace obligation, only military, judiciary or police excluded –as per ILO convention)1 = yes, with major restrictions (e.g. monopoly union, compulsory arbitration or conciliation, restrictions on issues or content, major groups excluded)0 = no	factor	1960-2019	56 countries
tc _ictwss	Existence of a standard (institutionalized) tripartite council concerning social	Existence of a (institutionalized) tripartite council concerning social and economic policy (private sector).	2 = tripartite council with representation from the trade unions, employers’associations, and independent experts or government(-appointed)representatives;1 = council with various societal interest representatives, including unions and employers;0 = no permanent council.	factor	1960-2019	56 countries
bc _ictwss	Existence of institutionalised bipartite council of central union and employers	Existence of a (institutionalised) bipartite council of central or major union and employers organizations for purposes of wage setting, economic forecasting and/or conflict settlement.	0 = No 1 = Yes	factor	1960-2019	56 countries
ri _ictwss	Routine involvement of unions and employers in government decisions	Routine involvement of unions and employers in government decisions on social and economic policy.	2 = Full concertation, regular and frequent involvement; 1 = Partial concertation, irregular and infrequent involvement; 0 = No concertation, involvement is rare or absent	factor	1960-2019	56 countries
wc _ictwss	Status of works council	Status of works council	2 = Existence and rights of works councilor structure mandated by law or established through basic general agreement between unions and employers; 1 = Works councils (etc.) are voluntary, i.e. even where they are mandated by law, there are no legal sanctions for non-observance; 0 = Works council or similar (union or non-union) based institutions of employee representation confronting management do not exist or are exceptional.	factor	1960-2019	56 countries
wc_struct _ictwss	Structure of works council representation	Structure of works council representation	4 = Single-channel works councils, union-based representation, elected by union members or established by union, based on law or national agreement; 3 = Dual-channel works councils, union dominated representation, elected by union and non-union members, based on law or national agreement; 2 = Split-channel works councils, employee elected works councils are mandatory where there is no or insufficient union representation, as a structure supplementary to the union, based on law or national agreement; 1= Single-channel works councils, union-based representation, established by local agreement, no legal provisions for representation if no union is present or recognized; 0 = Works council or similar (union or non-union) based institutions of employee representation confronting management do not exist or are exceptional.	factor	1960-2019	56 countries
wc_rights _ictwss	Rights of works councils	Rights of works councils	3 = Economic and social rights, including codetermination on some issues (e.g., mergers, take-overs, restructuring, etc.); 2 = Economic and social rights, consultation (advice, with possibility of judicial redress); 1 = Information and consultation rights (without judicial redress); 0 = Works council or similar (union or non-union) based institutions of employee representation confronting management do not exist or are exceptional.	factor	1960-2019	56 countries
wc_negot _ictwss	Involvement of works councils (or similar structures) in wage negotiations	Involvement of works councils (or similar structures) in wage negotiations	4=works councils (or mandated representatives) formally negotiate (plant-level) collectiveagreements, alongside or instead of trade unions.3=works councils (or mandated representatives) formally negotiate (plant-level) collective agreements, if no union is present (and/or subject to ballot)2=works councils isformally (by law or agreement) barred from negotiating (pant-level) agreements, but informally negotiate over workplace-related workingconditions or ‘employment pacts’, including pay1 =works councils is formally (by law or agreement) barred from negotiating (plant-level) agreements and involvement of works councils in negotiating (plant-level) agreementsis rare.0 =does not apply; works councils or similar (union or non-union) based institutions of employee representation confronting management do not exist or are exceptional	factor	1960-2019	56 countries
sector _ictwss	Sectoral organization of employment relations	Sectoral organization of employment relations	2= Strong institutions (both employers and unions, some joint institutions); 1 = Medium (only one side, no joint institutions); 0 = Weak, or none	factor	1960-2019	56 countries
necfs _ictwss	Number of Employers’ Confederations (Organisations)	Number of Employers’ Confederations (Organisations in agriculture are excluded)	(1-8)	numeric	1960-2019	56 countries
ed _ictwss	Employers organisation density, as proportion of employees in employment	Employers’ organisation density, as a proportion of employees in employment. Workers and salaried employees in firms organised in employers’ organisations as a proportion of all wage and salary earners in employment (WSEE)	(0-100)	numeric	1960-2019	56 countries
edpriv _ictwss	Employers’ organisation density in the private sector, as a proportion of employ	Employers’ organisation density in the private sector, as a proportion of employees in private sector employment. Workers and salaried employees in private sector firms organised in employers’ organisations as a proportion of all wage and salary earners employed in the private sector (WSEE_private)	(0-100)	numeric	1960-2019	56 countries
nucfs _ictwss	Number of Union Confederations	Number of Union Confederations	(1-8)	numeric	1960-2019	56 countries
enucfs _ictwss	Effective Number of Union Confederations	Effective Number of Union Confederations, defined as the inverse of the Herfindahl-index or 1/H. The Herfindahl (H) index is given by HCF=<U+2211>in(pi2), where piis the proportion of total membership organised by the I thconfederation and n is the total number of confederations. For more information see Iversen, (1999); Visser, (1990)	(1-8)	numeric	1960-2019	56 countries
cf1_name _ictwss	Name of Confederation 1	Name of Confederation 1 (only national unions or federations)	NA	character	1960-2019	56 countries
naffcf1 _ictwss	Number of affiliates of confederation 1	Number of affiliated unions to confederation 1 (only national unions or federations)	(0-Inf)	numeric	1960-2019	56 countries
enaffcf1 _ictwss	Effective number of affiliates of confederation 1	Effective number of affiliates, defined as the inverse of the Herfindahl-index or 1/H. The Herfindahl (H) index is given by Haff=<U+2211>in(pi2), where piis the proportion of total membership organised by the I thaffiliate and n is the total number of affiliates. For more informormation see Iversen, (1999); Visser, (1990). This number is indicative of the total number of the bargaining units in a country, especially if we assume that there is joint or majority bargaining in countries with unions divided between different union confederations.	(1-8)	numeric	1960-2019	56 countries
memcf1 _ictwss	Total membership x 1,000 of unions affiliated to confederation 1	Total membership of unions affiliated to confederation 1 (usually largest). Sum of members of affiliates in confederation 1	(0-Inf)	numeric	1960-2019	56 countries
cf*_name _ictwss	Name of Confederation *	Name of Confederation * (only national unions or federations)	NA	character	1960-2019	56 countries
naffcf* _ictwss	Number of affiliates of confederation	Number of affiliated unions to confederation (only national unions or federations)	(0-Inf)	numeric	1960-2019	56 countries
memcf* _ictwss	Total membership x 1,000 of unions affiliated to confederation	Total membership of unions affiliated to confederation 1 (usually largest). Sum of members of affiliates in confederation 1	(0-Inf)	numeric	1960-2019	56 countries
nindu _ictwss	Number of unaffiliated or independent unions	Number of unaffiliated or independent unions (only national unions or federations)	(0-Inf)	numeric	1960-2019	56 countries
mindu _ictwss	Members of independent unions	Sum of members of independent or unaffiliated unions	(0-Inf)	numeric	1960-2019	56 countries
tnunions _ictwss	Total Number of Unions.	Total Number of Unions. Sum of all affiliated and independent unions.	(0-Inf) = <U+2211> NaffCF1-8+ NindU	numeric	1960-2019	56 countries
etnunions _ictwss	Effective number of unions	Effective number of unions, defined as the inverse of the Herfindahl-index or 1/H. The Herfindahl (H) index is given by HCF=<U+2211>in(pi2), where piis the proportion of total membership organised by the I thunion and n is the total number of unions. ETNUnions is approximated by multiplying the effective number of confederations and the effective number of affiliates in the main confederations, thus ETNunion = ENUCFs * ENAffCF1. Rather than the total number of unions, this would give an idea of union fragmentation and the number of bargaining units in the country, where confederations bargain separately.	(1-8)	numeric	1960-2019	56 countries
tum _ictwss	Total Union Membership	Total Union Membership	(1-8) = <U+2211> MemCF1-8+ MindU)	numeric	1960-2019	56 countries
num _ictwss	Net Union Membership	TUM minusunion members outside the active, dependent and employed labour force (i.e. retired workers, independent workers, students, unemployed, see Ebinghaus and Visser, 2000; Visser, 1991, 2006).	(1-8)	numeric	1960-2019	56 countries
num_s _ictwss	Union Membership	Union Membership as based on (national) household of labour forcer suvey. Union members among the dependent employed labour force	(1-8)	numeric	1960-2019	56 countries
ud _ictwss	Union density rate	Union density rate, net union membership as a proportion of wage and salary earners in employment	(0-100)	numeric	1960-2019	56 countries
ud_s _ictwss	Union density rate (survey data)	Union density rate, net union membership as a proportion wage and salary earners in employment, as in national household or labour force surveys	(0-100)	numeric	1960-2019	56 countries
unioncov _ictwss	Union coverage of workplaces	Union coverage of workplacesor establishments. Employees in workplaces or establishments covered by unions or works councils as a proportion of all wage and salary earners in employment	(0-100)	numeric	1960-2019	56 countries
seb _ictwss	Single employer bargaining	Single employer bargaining. Employees covered by firm-or enterprise-level agreements	(0-100)	numeric	1960-2019	56 countries
meb _ictwss	Multi employer bargaining	Multi employer bargaining. Employees covered by multi-employer agreements (for groups of companies, sectors or occupations, either at local, regional or national level)	(0-100)	numeric	1960-2019	56 countries
exte _ictwss	Estimate of coverage due to extension	Estimate of coverage due to extension. Employees covered as a result of extension orders to non- organized employers	(0-100)	numeric	1960-2019	56 countries
unadjcov _ictwss	Unadjusted bargaining (or union) coverage rate	Unadjusted bargaining (or union) coverage rate: proportion of all wage earners, employees covered by valid collective (wage)bargaining agreements as a proportion of all wage and salary earners, = WCB*100/WSEE	(0-100)	numeric	1960-2019	56 countries
adjcov _ictwss	Adjusted bargaining (or union) coverage rate	Adjusted bargaining (or union) coverage rate. Employees covered by valid collective (wage) bargaining agreements as a proportion of all wage and salary earners in employment with the right to bargaining, expressed as percentage, adjusted for the possibility that some sectors or occupations are excluded from the right to bargain= WCB*100/(WSEE-WStat).	(0-100)	numeric	1960-2019	56 countries
newcov _ictwss	Bargaining coverage rate of newly concluded agreements	Bargaining coverage rateof newly concluded agreements. Employees covered by new collective (wage) bargaining agreements that have been concluded or renewed in aparticular year, as a proportion of all wage and salary earners in employment = WCBnew)*100/WSEE	(0-100)	numeric	1960-2019	56 countries
covpriv _ictwss	Bargaining(or Union) Coverage, private or market sector	Bargaining (or Union) Coverage, private or market sector. Employees in the private or market sector covered by collective (wage) bargaining agreements as a proportion of all wage and salary earners in employment in the private or market sector	(0-100)	numeric	1960-2019	56 countries
covpub _ictwss	Bargaining (or Union) Coverage, public or government sector	Bargaining (or Union) Coverage, public or government sector. Employees in the public or government sector covered by collective (wage)bargaining agreements as a proportion of all wage and salary earners in employment in the public or government sector. The public sector include respectively: Public administration and Defence, Compulsory Social Security; Education; Human Health and Social Work activities.	(0-100)	numeric	1960-2019	56 countries
shcf1 _ictwss	Membership share of Confederation 1 in TUM	Membership share of CF1 (Confederation 1). Fraction p1of the membership in confederation 1 in the total membership (TUM)	(0-1)	numeric	1960-2019	56 countries
shcf* _ictwss	Membership share of Confederation in TUM	Membership share of CF* (Confederation *). Fraction p1of the membership in confederation in the total membership (TUM)	(0-1)	numeric	1960-2019	56 countries
divpol _ictwss	Divisions across confederations are politically motivated	Divisions across confederations are politically motivaed (religiously, ethnically, linguistically)	0 = No, 1 = Yes	factor	1960-2019	56 countries
divecon _ictwss	Divisions across confederations are economically motivated	Divisions across confederations are economically motivated (education, status, rank)	0 = No, 1 = Yes	factor	1960-2019	56 countries
divsector _ictwss	Divisions across confederations are sectorally motivated	Divisions across confederations are sectorally motivated (private versus public)	0 = No, 1 = Yes	factor	1960-2019	56 countries
divregion _ictwss	Divisions across confederations are regionally based	Divisions across confederations are regionally based	0 = No, 1 = Yes	factor	1960-2019	56 countries
aff_dem _ictwss	Basis for demarcation between affiliates (national)	Basis for demarcation between affiliates (national)	1 = Industry; 2 = Occupation (status, education, skills); 3 = Industry and occupation (status, education, skills); 4 = Industry, occupation and general; 5 = Enterprises (companies); 6 = Varying (differs per confederation and sector)	factor	1960-2019	56 countries
extconflict _ictwss	Conflict between union confederations	Conflict between union confederations	3 = Sharp conflict and competition for members and influence (separate bargaining); 2 = Moderate conflict and limited competition (occasional separate bargaining); 1 = No conflict, routine cooperation (joint bargaining and representation)	factor	1960-2019	56 countries
intconflict _ictwss	Internal demarcations within union confederations	Internal demarcations within union confederations	3 = sharp conflict and competition over policies and members (multiple unions within same plant or company); 2 = moderate conflict with limited competition over policies and members (single union representation or joint bargaining where there are two or more affiliates); 1 = no conflict.	factor	1960-2019	56 countries
uncoord _ictwss	Union coordinates wage bargaining across enterprise units	Union (affiliate) coordinates wage bargaining across enterprise units	0 = No, 1 = Yes	factor	1960-2019	56 countries
cfappt _ictwss	Confederal (political) control over appointment of leaders of affiliates	Confederation appoints, or can veto, directly or through government approval, the leaders of their affiliates	0 = No, 1 = Yes	factor	1960-2019	56 countries
cfagr _ictwss	Confederal veto power over wage agreements negotiated by its affiliate unions	Confederation can veto or preempt through central agreement wage bargaining of affiliates	0 = No, 1 = Yes	factor	1960-2019	56 countries
cffin _ictwss	Confederation collects dues and reimburses affiliates	Confederation collects dues and reimburses affiliates	0 = No, 1 = Yes	factor	1960-2019	56 countries
cffund _ictwss	Confederal or joint strike fund from which member unions are reimbursed	Confederation has a significant strike or resistance fund, or controls the fund jointly held by unions, from which member unions are reimbursed	0 = No, 1 = Yes	factor	1960-2019	56 countries
cfveto _ictwss	Confederal power over strikes by affiliates	Confederation can veto or end strikes by their affiliates (prior approval or central settlement procedure)	0 = No, 1 = Yes	factor	1960-2019	56 countries
cfpower _ictwss	Statutory power of confederation over its affiliates	Statutory power of confederation over its affiliates. Ssum over CFappt, CFagr, CFfin, CFfund and CFveto, divided by maximum score of 5	(0-1)	numeric	1960-2019	56 countries
unappt _ictwss	Union can appoint or can veto workplace representatives	Union can appoint or can veto workplace representatives (shop stewards, delegates)	0 = No, 1 = Yes	factor	1960-2019	56 countries
unagr _ictwss	Union can veto or, participates in, wage bargaining at enterprise level	Union can veto or, participates in,wage bargaining at enterprise level	0 = No, 1 = Yes	factor	1960-2019	56 countries
unfin _ictwss	National union collects dues and reimburses local and workplace branches	National union collects dues and reimburses local and workplace branches	0 = No, 1 = Yes	factor	1960-2019	56 countries
unfund _ictwss	Union owns a significant strike fund from which members or workplace units	Union owns a significant strike fund from which members or workplace units are reimbursed	0 = No, 1 = Yes	factor	1960-2019	56 countries
unveto _ictwss	Union (affiliate) power over enterprise strikes	Union can veto or end enterprise strikes (prior approval or central settlement procedure)	0 = No, 1 = Yes	factor	1960-2019	56 countries
unpower _ictwss	Statutory power of the union over its local or workplace branches	Statutory power of the union over its local or workplace branches and representatives. Sum over UNappt,UNagrUNfin, UNfund and UNveto, divided by maximum score of 5.	0 = No, 1 = Yes	factor	1960-2019	56 countries
concconf _ictwss	Membership concentration at confederal level	Membership concentration at confederal level (Herfindahl index calculated over membership shares of confederations or peak associations). Given by <U+2211>in(pi2), where piis the proportion of total membership organised by the i thconfederation and n is the total number of confederations	(0-1)	numeric	1960-2019	56 countries
concunion _ictwss	Membership concentration at union level	Membership concentration at union level (Herfindahl index calculated over membership shares of affiliated within the main condederation). Given by <U+2211>in(pi2), where piis the proportion of total membership organised by the i thaffiliate and n is the total number of affiliates.<U+2211> Aff1 n (pi2), where p denotes the fraction of total membership organised by the ith affiliate and n is the total number of affiliates. This variable measures the degree of concentration or fragmentation regarding bargaining units at the industry or occupational level	(0-1)	numeric	1960-2019	56 countries
centconf _ictwss	Summary measure of formal authority of unions regarding wage setting at peak and sectoral level	Summary measure of formal authority of unions regarding wage setting at peak and sectoral level. v(CFpower*CONCconf)	(0-1)	numeric	1960-2019	56 countries
centunion _ictwss	Summary measure of concentration of unions at peak and sectoral level	Summary measure of concentration of unions at peak and sectoral level. v(UNpower*CONCunion)	(0-1)	numeric	1960-2019	56 countries
cent _ictwss	Summary measure of centralisation of wage bargaining	Summary measure of centralisation of wage bargaining . CENTconf + CENTunion. Note: weighting the degree of authority or vertical coordination in the union movement and union concentration or horizontal coordination, taking account of multiple levels at which bargaining can take place and assuming a non-zero division of union authority over different levels (see Visser, 1990; Iversen, 1999). Taking the square root serves to magnify the differences at the low end of this scale (CF. Iversen, 1999: 53)	(0-1)	numeric	1960-2019	56 countries
centratio _ictwss	Ratio of authority to concentration of unions at peak and sectoral level	Ratio of authority to concentration of unions at peak and sectoral level. CENTconf/CENTunion	(0-1)	numeric	1960-2019	56 countries
um_fem _ictwss	Percentage of females in TUM	Percentage share of female union members	(0-100)	numeric	1960-2019	56 countries
ud_fem _ictwss	Union density rate of females	Union density rate of females	(0-100)	numeric	1960-2019	56 countries
ud_male _ictwss	Union density of males	Union density of males	(0-100)	numeric	1960-2019	56 countries
um_parttime _ictwss	Percentage of part-time workers in TUM	Percentage share of part-time union membership	(0-100)	numeric	1960-2019	56 countries
ud_parttime _ictwss	Union density of part-time workers	Union density rate of part-time workers	(0-100)	numeric	1960-2019	56 countries
ud_fulltime_ictwss	Union density of fulltime workers	Union density rate of fulltime workers	(0-100)	numeric	1960-2019	56 countries
um_temp _ictwss	Percentage of temporary workers (workers on fixed duration contracts) in TUM	Percentage share of union members on temporary or fixed duration contracts	(0-100)	numeric	1960-2019	56 countries
ud_temp _ictwss	Union density of temporary workers	Union density of temporary workers	(0-100)	numeric	1960-2019	56 countries
ud_permanent _ictwss	Union density of permanent workers (those employed under open-ended Cont)	Union density of permanent workers (those employed under open-ended Cont)	(0-100)	numeric	1960-2019	56 countries
um_manual _ictwss	Percentage of manual workers in TUM	Percentage of manual workers in TUM	(0-100)	numeric	1960-2019	56 countries
ud_manual _ictwss	Union density of manual workers	Union density of manual workers	(0-100)	numeric	1960-2019	56 countries
ud_nonmanual _ictwss	Union density of non-manual (white-collar) workers	Union density of non-manual (white-collar) workers	(0-100)	numeric	1960-2019	56 countries
um_skilled _ictwss	Percentage of skilled worker in TUM	Percentage of skilled worker in TUM	(0-100)	numeric	1960-2019	56 countries
ud_skilled _ictwss	Union density of skilled workers	Union density of skilled workers	(0-100)	numeric	1960-2019	56 countries
ud_unskilled _ictwss	Union density of unskilled workers	Union density of unskilled workers	(0-100)	numeric	1960-2019	56 countries
um_public _ictwss	Percentage of workers in public sector in TUM	Percentage of workers in public sector in TUM	(0-100)	numeric	1960-2019	56 countries
ud_private _ictwss	Union density of private sector workers	Union density of private sector workers	(0-100)	numeric	1960-2019	56 countries
ud_public _ictwss	Union density of public sector workers	Union density of public sector workers	(0-100)	numeric	1960-2019	56 countries
um_small _ictwss	Percentage of workers in small firms in TUM	Percentage of workers in small firms in TUM	(0-100)	numeric	1960-2019	56 countries
um_medium _ictwss	Percentage of workers in medium size firms in TUM	Percentage of workers in medium size firms in TUM	(0-100)	numeric	1960-2019	56 countries
um_large _ictwss	Percentage of workers in large firms in TUM	Percentage of workers in large firms in TUM	(0-100)	numeric	1960-2019	56 countries
ud_small _ictwss	Union density in small firms (size 50 min)	Union density in small firms (size 50 min)	(0-100)	numeric	1960-2019	56 countries
ud_medium _ictwss	Union density in medium size firms (50-100)	Union density in medium size firms (50-100)	(0-100)	numeric	1960-2019	56 countries
ud_large _ictwss	Union density in large firms (100 plus)	Union density in large firms (100 plus)	(0-100)	numeric	1960-2019	56 countries
um_foreignborn _ictwss	Percentage of foreign workers in TUM	Percentage of foreign workers in TUM	(0-100)	numeric	1960-2019	56 countries
ud_native _ictwss	Union density of native workers	Union density of native workers	(0-100)	numeric	1960-2019	56 countries
ud_foreignborn _ictwss	Union density of foreign workers	Union density of foreign workers	(0-100)	numeric	1960-2019	56 countries
um_agr _ictwss	Percentage share of workers in agriculture in TUM	Percentage share of workers in agriculture in TUM	(0-100)	numeric	1960-2019	56 countries
um_ind _ictwss	Percentage of workers in industry in TUM	Percentage of workers in industry in TUM	(0-100)	numeric	1960-2019	56 countries
um_serv _ictwss	Percentage of workers in services in TUM	Percentage of workers in services in TUM	(0-100)	numeric	1960-2019	56 countries
um_mining _ictwss	Percentage of workers in mining in TUM	Percentage of workers in mining in TUM	(0-100)	numeric	1960-2019	56 countries
um_manuf _ictwss	Percentage of workers in manufacturing in TUM	Percentage of workers in manufacturing in TUM	(0-100)	numeric	1960-2019	56 countries
um_metal _ictwss	Percentage of workers in metal manufacturing in TUM	Percentage of workers in metal manufacturing in TUM	(0-100)	numeric	1960-2019	56 countries
um_util _ictwss	Percentage of workers in utilities (gas, water, electricity) in TUM	Percentage of workers in utilities (gas, water, electricity) in TUM	(0-100)	numeric	1960-2019	56 countries
um_constr _ictwss	Percentage of workers in construction in TUM	Percentage of workers in construction in TUM	(0-100)	numeric	1960-2019	56 countries
um_trade _ictwss	Percentage of workers in trade in TUM	Percentage of workers in trade in TUM	(0-100)	numeric	1960-2019	56 countries
um_hotels _ictwss	Percentage of workers in hotels, restaurants and catering in TUM	Percentage of workers in hotels, restaurants and catering in TUM	(0-100)	numeric	1960-2019	56 countries
um_transport _ictwss	Percentage of workers in transport and communication in TUM	Percentage of workers in transport and communication in TUM	(0-100)	numeric	1960-2019	56 countries
um_finance _ictwss	Percentage of workers in finance in TUM	Percentage of workers in finance in TUM	(0-100)	numeric	1960-2019	56 countries
um_bussines _ictwss	Percentage of workers in business services and real estate in TUM	Percentage of workers in business services and real estate in TUM	(0-100)	numeric	1960-2019	56 countries
um_commercial _ictwss	Percentage of workers in commercial services in TUM	Percentage of workers in commercial services in TUM	(0-100)	numeric	1960-2019	56 countries
um_socialserv _ictwss	Percentage of workers in social and community services incl public sect	Percentage of workers in social and community services incl public sect	(0-100)	numeric	1960-2019	56 countries
um_publadmin _ictwss	Percentage of workers in public administration (and defence) in TUM	Percentage of workers in public administration (and defence) in TUM	(0-100)	numeric	1960-2019	56 countries
um_educ _ictwss	Percentage of workers in education in TUM	Percentage of workers in education in TUM	(0-100)	numeric	1960-2019	56 countries
um_health _ictwss	Percentage of workers in health services and social work in TUM	Percentage of workers in health services and social work in TUM	(0-100)	numeric	1960-2019	56 countries
um_otherserv _ictwss	Percentage of workers in other services (leisure, culture, household) in TUM	Percentage of workers in other services (leisure, culture, household) in TUM	(0-100)	numeric	1960-2019	56 countries
ud_agr _ictwss	Union density in agriculture	Union density in agriculture	(0-100)	numeric	1960-2019	56 countries
ud_ind _ictwss	Union density in industry	Union density in industry	(0-100)	numeric	1960-2019	56 countries
ud_serv _ictwss	Union density in services	Union density in services	(0-100)	numeric	1960-2019	56 countries
ud_mining _ictwss	Union density in mining	Union density in mining	(0-100)	numeric	1960-2019	56 countries
ud_manuf _ictwss	Union density in manufacturing	Union density in manufacturing	(0-100)	numeric	1960-2019	56 countries
ud_metal _ictwss	Union density in metal manufacturing	Union density in metal manufacturing	(0-100)	numeric	1960-2019	56 countries
ud_util _ictwss	Union density in utilities (gas, water and electricity)	Union density in utilities (gas, water and electricity)	(0-100)	numeric	1960-2019	56 countries
ud_constr _ictwss	Union density in construction	Union density in construction	(0-100)	numeric	1960-2019	56 countries
ud_trade _ictwss	Union density in trade	Union density in trade	(0-100)	numeric	1960-2019	56 countries
ud_hotels _ictwss	Union density in hotels, restaurants and catering	Union density in hotels, restaurants and catering	(0-100)	numeric	1960-2019	56 countries
ud_transport _ictwss	Union density in transport and communication	Union density in transport and communication	(0-100)	numeric	1960-2019	56 countries
ud_finance _ictwss	Union density in finance	Union density in finance	(0-100)	numeric	1960-2019	56 countries
ud_business _ictwss	Union density in business services and real estate	Union density in business services and real estate	(0-100)	numeric	1960-2019	56 countries
ud_commercial _ictwss	Union density in commerce	Union density in commerce	(0-100)	numeric	1960-2019	56 countries
ud_socialserv _ictwss	Union density in social and community services (incl. public sector)	Union density in social and community services (incl. public sector)	(0-100)	numeric	1960-2019	56 countries
ud_publadmin _ictwss	Union density in public administration (and defense)	Union density in public administration (and defense)	(0-100)	numeric	1960-2019	56 countries
ud_educ _ictwss	Union density in education	Union density in education	(0-100)	numeric	1960-2019	56 countries
ud_health _ictwss	Union density in health services and social work	Union density in health services and social work	(0-100)	numeric	1960-2019	56 countries
ud_otherserv _ictwss	Union density in other services (leisure, culture, household)	Union density in other services (leisure, culture, household)	(0-100)	numeric	1960-2019	56 countries
um_15_24 _ictwss	Percentage of workers aged 15-24 in TUM	Percentage of workers aged 15-24 in TUM	(0-100)	numeric	1960-2019	56 countries
um_25_54 _ictwss	Percentage of workers aged 25-54 in TUM	Percentage of workers aged 25-54 in TUM	(0-100)	numeric	1960-2019	56 countries
um_55_64 _ictwss	Percentage of workers aged 55-64 in TUM	Percentage of workers aged 55-64 in TUM	(0-100)	numeric	1960-2019	56 countries
um_65_more _ictwss	Percentage of workers aged 65 plus in TUM	Percentage of workers aged 65 plus in TUM	(0-100)	numeric	1960-2019	56 countries
ud_15_24 _ictwss	Union density of workers aged 15-24	Union density of workers aged 15-24	(0-100)	numeric	1960-2019	56 countries
ud_25_54 _ictwss	Union density of workers aged 25-54	Union density of workers aged 25-54	(0-100)	numeric	1960-2019	56 countries
ud_55_64 _ictwss	Union density of workers aged 55-64	Union density of workers aged 55-64	(0-100)	numeric	1960-2019	56 countries
ud_65_more _ictwss	Union density of workers aged 65-plus	Union density of workers aged 65-plus	(0-100)	numeric	1960-2019	56 countries
um_edu1 _ictwss	Percentage share of workers with (or below) primary level education in TUM	Percentage share of workers with (or below) primary level education in TUM	(0-100)	numeric	1960-2019	56 countries
um_edu2 _ictwss	Percentage share of workers with secondary level education in TUM	Percentage share of workers with secondary level education in TUM	(0-100)	numeric	1960-2019	56 countries
um_edu3 _ictwss	Percentage share of workers with tertiary level education in TUM	Percentage share of workers with tertiary level education in TUM	(0-100)	numeric	1960-2019	56 countries
ud_edu1 _ictwss	Union density of workers with (or below) primary level education in total member	Union density of workers with (or below) primary level education in total member	(0-100)	numeric	1960-2019	56 countries
ud_edu2 _ictwss	Union density of workers with secondary level education in total membership	Union density of workers with secondary level education in total membership	(0-100)	numeric	1960-2019	56 countries
ud_edu3 _ictwss	Union density of workers with tertiary level education in total membership	Union density of workers with tertiary level education in total membership	(0-100)	numeric	1960-2019	56 countries